The second demographic transition in Japan: a review of the evidence

Abstract Despite a half century of below-replacement fertility, Japan is typically not included in discussions and evaluations the second demographic transition (SDT), widely referenced framework for understanding family changes attitudinal shifts associated with very low fertility. I address this limitation by drawing upon range published research data sources to provide an empirical basis thinking about how Japanese experience does or conform general patterns behavioral change SDT West. From evidence, it seems clear that prototypical pattern Northern Western Europe has only partially emerged Japan. The same true attitudes, particularly those related gender. Consistent depictions Europe, experienced substantial delays marriage childbearing along notable increases non-marital cohabitation divorce. However, remained at negligibly levels cohabiting unions have as alternative marriage. Attitudinal show endorsement conventional gender roles declined, but remains higher than most countries. Taken whole, these describe distinctive path fertility which universal forces social interact strong normative expectations two-parent families characterized division labor.